Types of Internet Layer Protocols

Internet layer is used for routing and providing a single network interface to the upper layer. routing is complex and important, and it is the job of the Internet layer to carry it out. The protocol IP is so integral to this layer, the very name of it is the name of the layer itself. IP looks at each packet’s IP address. Then using a routing protocol, it decides where this packet is to be sent next, choosing the best path.

The second main reason for the Internet layer is to provide a single network interface to the upper layer protocols. the various protocols at the Internet layer are:

1. IP (Internet Protocol)
2. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
3. RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)
4. BootP (Boot Program)
5. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
6. SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol)
7. PPP (Point to Point Protocol)

Address Resolution Protocol is a network layer protocol. it is concerned with mapping node names to IP addresses. It equates to logical and physical device addresses. the Address Resolution protocol associates an IP address with the physical address. on a typical physical network, such as a LAN, each device on a link is identified by a physical or station address which is exclusive or the network interface card (NIC). ARP maintains tables of name-to-address mappings. it can send packets out for searching the address if a desired name or address is not currently available in its table.

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Physical addresses can be changed easily by the network administrator. For example, if the NIC on a particular machine fails, the physical address changes. the IP addresses have universal jurisdiction. these IP addresses cannot be changed. ARP is used to find the physical address to the node when its Internet address is known. any tie a host, or a router, needs to find the physical address of another host on its network, it formats an ARP query packet.

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This query includes the IP address. this packet is broadcasted over the network. the host holding the datagram adds the address of the target host both to its cache memory and to the datagram header. therefore, it sends the datagram on its way. every host on the network receives and processes the ARP packet, but only the intended recipient recognizes its internet address and sends back its physical address.

The reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet address because it knows only its physical address. But, do we need RARP? A host is supposed to have its internet address stored on its hard disk. it is so because the computer may be connected to the network for the first time when it is being booted.

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RARP works just like ARP. the host needing its internet address broadcasts a RARP query packet that contains its physical address to every host on its physical network. a server on the network recognizes the RARP packet and returns the host’s internet address.

It is a TCP/IP protocol and service. it allows diskless workstations to obtain their IP address, other TCP/IP configuration information, and their boot image file from a boot trap protocol (BOOTP) server. the network interface card (NIC) on these diskless workstations contains a programmable read-only memory (PROM) chip containing the code necessary to initialize the client. when a BOOTP client is started, it has no IP address, so it broadcasts a message containing its MAC address onto the network.

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This message is called a “BOOTP request” and it is picked up by the BOOTP server, which replies to the client with the following information that the client needs:

1. The client’s IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway address.
2. The IP address of the server that has the boot image, which the client needs to load it’s the operating system.

This is the standard protocol developed for UNIX environments and that supports TCP/IP networking over a serial transmission line that is connected by a modem. it is an older serial line protocol that does not support automatic negotiation of network configurations. it has been replaced by PPP (Point to Point Protocol) because of the following reasons:

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1. SLIP supports only TCP/IP and
2. SLIP requires the user to write the script for automating the login process.
3. It requires the host’s TCP/IP parameters configured manually.
4. Windows 2000 cannot accept connections from SLIP clients.

Point-to-Point Protocol provides router-to-router and host-to-network connections over synchronous and asynchronous circuits. It was designed to work with several network layer protocols such as IP, IPv6, IPX, and AppleTalk. PPP frames can be transmitted over a serial transmission line such as Old Telephone Services, or ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network).

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It includes LCP (Link Control Protocol) and NCP (Network Control Protocol) for establishing, testing WAN connections, and performing modifications in network communication using each network protocol. It is the supervisor of SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) because:

1. It supports Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX).
2. Negotiates the TCP/IP parameters.
3. Supports Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) and Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) for sending your qualifications to the PPP server.
4. It supports Windows 95, 98, NT, 2000, and XP.

1. What is Fiber Distributed Data Interface
2. What is an Asynchronous Transfer Mode
3. Local Area Networks
4. Wide Area Networks
5. Access methods in networking